Editor-in-Chief
G. Alexander Patterson, MD
Associate Editor
Pavan Atluri, MD
Associate Editor
Vinay Badhwar, MD
Associate Editor
Leora B. Balsam, MD
Associate Editor
Abelardo DeAnda, Jr., MD
Associate Editor
Dawn S. Hui, MD
Associate Editor
Francis D. Pagani, MD, PhD
Associate Editor
Scott M. Bradley, MD
Associate Editor
Stephanie Fuller, MD
Associate Editor
Robert Douglas B. Jaquiss, MD
Associate Editor
James S. Tweddell, MD
Associate Editor
Ronald K. Woods, MD, PhD
Associate Editor
Thomas A. D’Amico, MD
Associate Editor
Robert B. Cameron, MD
Associate Editor
Sudish Murthy, MD, PhD
Associate Editor
Gaetano Rocco, MD
Associate Editor
James I. Fann, MD
Associate Editor
Stephen C. Yang, MD
Associate Editor
Rakesh C. Arora, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Associate Editor
Victor A. Ferraris, MD, PhD
Ethics Editor
Susan Moffatt-Bruce, MD, PhD, MBA
Statistics Editor
Eugene H. Blackstone, MD
Associate Statistical Editor
Adin-Cristian Andrei, PhD
Associate Statistical Editor
Umberto Benedetto, MD, PhD
Associate Statistical Editor
Vito Domenico Bruno, MD, PhD
Associate Statistical Editor
Daniel J.P. Burns, MD, MPhil
Associate Statistical Editor
Stephen E. Fremes, MD, MSc
Associate Statistical Editor
Robert Bruce Hawkins, MD, MSc
Associate Statistical Editor
Paul A. Kurlansky, MD
Associate Statistical Editor
J. Hunter Mehaffey, MD, MSc
Associate Statistical Editor
Derrick Tam, MD, PhD
Associate Statistical Editor
Charles M. Wojnarski, MD, MS
Associate Statistical Editor
Osman O. Al-Radi, MBBCh, MSc, FRCSC
Associate Statistical Editor
Anusha Jegatheeswaran, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Associate Statistical Editor
Tara Karamlou, MD
Associate Statistical Editor
Travis J. Wilder, MD
Associate Statistical Editor
David Zurakowski, MSc, PhD
Associate Statistical Editor
Lisa M. Brown, MD, MAS
Associate Statistical Editor
Farhood Farjah, MD, MPH, FACS
Associate Statistical Editor
Biniam Kidane, MD, MSc
Associate Statistical Editor
Mark Onaitis, MD, MS
Associate Statistical Editor
Varun Puri, MD, MSCI
Associate Statistical Editor
Elliot Wakeam, MD, MPH
Feature Editor
Mario F.L. Gaudino, MD
Feature Editor
Leonard N. Girardi, MD
Feature Editor
Richard Lee, MD, MBA
Feature Editor
Bahaaldin Alsoufi, MD
Feature Editor
Carl L. Backer, MD
Feature Editor
Igor E. Konstantinov, MD, PhD, FRACS
Feature Editor
Can Yerebakan, MD
Feature Editor
Bryan M. Burt, MD
Feature Editor
Jules Lin, MD
Feature Editor
Michael Lanuti, MD
Feature Editor
Thomas Ng, MD
Feature Editor
Mariya Geube, MD, FASE
Feature Editor
Juan Nicholas Pulido, MD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Andrew D. Althouse, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Federico Ambrogi, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Emilia Bagiella, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Fabio Barili, MD, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Jocelyn Beach, MD, MS
Deputy Statistical Editor
Mark Berry, MD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Marnie Bertolet, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Marcelo Cerullo, MD, MPH
Deputy Statistical Editor
Elizabeth David, MD
Deputy Statistical Editor
William M. DeCampli, MD, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Paul J. Devlin, MD, MSc
Deputy Statistical Editor
Asvin M. Ganapathi MD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Alvise Guariento, MD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Vaibhav Gupta, MD, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Ali Hage, MD, MPH
Deputy Statistical Editor
Adrian Hernandez-Diaz, MD, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Sari D. Holmes, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Christoph P. Hornik, MD, MPH
Deputy Statistical Editor
Penny Houghtaling, MS
Deputy Statistical Editor
Craig Jarrett, MD, MBA
Deputy Statistical Editor
Oliver K. Jawitz, MD, MHS
Deputy Statistical Editor
Kevin F. Kennedy, MS
Deputy Statistical Editor
Benjamin D. Kozower, MD, MPH
Deputy Statistical Editor
Mauro Lo Rito, MD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Lingeng Lu, MD, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Brian W. McCrindle, MD, MPH
Deputy Statistical Editor
Carlos M. Mery, MD, MPH
Deputy Statistical Editor
James Michael Meza, MD, MSc
Deputy Statistical Editor
David B. Nelson, MD, MSc
Deputy Statistical Editor
Samantha Nemeth, MS, MA, MPH
Deputy Statistical Editor
Helen Parise, ScD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Seo Young Park, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Mary Plomondon, MSPH, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Jacquelyn Quin, MD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Mohamed Rahouma, MD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Vignesh Raman, MD, MHS
Deputy Statistical Editor
Jeevantham Rajeswaran, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Thomas J. Richards, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Paul Sergeant, MD, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Melanie Subramanian, MD, MPHS
Deputy Statistical Editor
Monisha Sudarshan, MD, MPH
Deputy Statistical Editor
Paul Visintainer, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Xiaofei Wang, PhD
Deputy Statistical Editor
Xiaoting Wu, PhD, MS
Editorial Board Member
Abbas Abbas, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ibrahim Abdullah, MD
Editorial Board Member
Niv Ad, MD
Editorial Board Member
Iki Adachi, MD
Editorial Board Member
Usman Ahmad, MD
Editorial Board Member
Gabriel S. Aldea, MD
Editorial Board Member
Hossein Almassi, MD
Editorial Board Member
Petros Anagnostopoulos, MD, MBA
Editorial Board Member
Nicholas D. Andersen, MD
Editorial Board Member
Amedeo Anselmi, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Mara B. Antonoff, MD, FACS
Editorial Board Member
Manuel J. Antunes, MD, PhD, DSc
Editorial Board Member
Anelechi C. Anyanwu, MD, FRCS
Editorial Board Member
Sary F. Aranki, MD
Editorial Board Member
Tohru Asai, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Awais Ashfaq, MD
Editorial Board Member
John Augoustides, MD, FASE, FAHA
Editorial Board Member
Erle H. Austin III, MD
Editorial Board Member
Frank A. Baciewicz, Jr., MD
Editorial Board Member
Emile A. Bacha, MD
Editorial Board Member
Jean Bachet, MD, FEBTCS
Editorial Board Member
Faisal G. Bakaeen, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ko Bando, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
David James Barron, MD
Editorial Board Member
Thomas M. Beaver, MD, MPH
Editorial Board Member
Jay Bhama, MD
Editorial Board Member
David P. Bichell, MD
Editorial Board Member
Matthew J. Bott, MD
Editorial Board Member
Thierry Bove, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
John Bozinovski, MD, MSc
Editorial Board Member
Stephen R. Broderick, MD, MPHS
Editorial Board Member
Alessandro Brunelli, MD
Editorial Board Member
Roosevelt Bryant III, MD
Editorial Board Member
Harold M. Burkhart, MD
Editorial Board Member
John Butterworth, MD
Editorial Board Member
Duke E. Cameron, MD
Editorial Board Member
Andrea Carpenter, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Thierry-Piere Carrel, MD
Editorial Board Member
Sergio A. Carrillo, MD, FACS, FACC
Editorial Board Member
Robert J. Cerfolio, MD, MBA
Editorial Board Member
Paul J. Chai, MD
Editorial Board Member
Mark A. Chaney, MD
Editorial Board Member
Andrew C. Chang, MD
Editorial Board Member
Subhasis Chatterjee, MD, FACS, FACC, FCCP
Editorial Board Member
Paul Checchia, MD
Editorial Board Member
Edward P. Chen, MD
Editorial Board Member
Haiquan Chen, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Jonathan M. Chen, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ke-Neng Chen, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Toyofumi F. Chen-Yoshikawa, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Joanna Chikwe, MD, FRCS
Editorial Board Member
Joseph Brian Clark, MD
Editorial Board Member
Joseph S. Coselli, MD
Editorial Board Member
Francisco Diniz Affonso da Costa, MD
Editorial Board Member
Juan A. Crestanello, MD
Editorial Board Member
Francois Dagenais, MD
Editorial Board Member
Michael N. D’Ambra, MD
Editorial Board Member
Hiroshi Date, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Tirone E. David, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ryan R. Davies, MD
Editorial Board Member
Victor Dayan, MD, PhD, FACC
Editorial Board Member
Jonathan D’Cunha, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Joseph A. Dearani, MD
Editorial Board Member
Todd Demmy, MD
Editorial Board Member
Chadrick Denlinger, MD
Editorial Board Member
Gabriele Di Giammarco, MD
Editorial Board Member
Michele Di Mauro, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
James A. DiNardo, MD
Editorial Board Member
Yves d’Udekem, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Aaron Eckhauser, MD, MSCI
Editorial Board Member
Sitaram M. Emani, MD
Editorial Board Member
Daniel T. Engelman, MD
Editorial Board Member
Anthony L. Estrera, MD, FACS
Editorial Board Member
David Faraoni, MD, PhD, FAHA
Editorial Board Member
Paul W.M. Fedak, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Raja M. Flores, MD
Editorial Board Member
Charles Fraser, MD, FACS
Editorial Board Member
Camille L. Hancock Friesen, MD
Editorial Board Member
Francesco Formica, MD
Editorial Board Member
J. William Gaynor, MD
Editorial Board Member
Arnar Geirsson, MD, FACS, FAHA
Editorial Board Member
Ravi Kiran Ghanta, MD
Editorial Board Member
Donald D. Glower, Jr., MD
Editorial Board Member
Kevin L. Greason, MD
Editorial Board Member
Eugene A. Grossi, MD
Editorial Board Member
Shawn Spencer Groth
Editorial Board Member
Jonathan W. Haft, MD
Editorial Board Member
Christoph Haller, MD
Editorial Board Member
James Hammel, MD
Editorial Board Member
Waël C. Hanna, MDCM, MBA, FRCSC
Editorial Board Member
Matthew Hartwig, MD, MHS, FACS
Editorial Board Member
J.W. Hayanga, MD, MPH, FACS
Editorial Board Member
Meghana Helder, MD
Editorial Board Member
George Leslie Hicks, Jr., MD
Editorial Board Member
Chuong D. Hoang, MD
Editorial Board Member
Konrad Hoetzenecker, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Michael Hsin, MD
Editorial Board Member
Charles Huddleston, MD
Editorial Board Member
S. Adil Husain, MD
Editorial Board Member
David L. Joyce, MD, MBA
Editorial Board Member
Minoo N. Kavarana, MD, FACS
Editorial Board Member
David Kalfa, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Joon Bum Kim, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Anthony W. Kim, MD
Editorial Board Member
James K. Kirklin, MD
Editorial Board Member
Jacob Klapper, MD
Editorial Board Member
Nicholas Kouchoukos, MD
Editorial Board Member
Robert S. Kramer, MD, FACS
Editorial Board Member
Irving L. Kron, MD
Editorial Board Member
S. Ram Kumar, MD, PhD, FACS
Editorial Board Member
Kevin P. Landolfo, MD, MSc
Editorial Board Member
Damien J. LaPar, MD, MSc
Editorial Board Member
Jennifer S. Lawton, MD
Editorial Board Member
Harold L. Lazar, MD
Editorial Board Member
Richard Lazzaro, MD
Editorial Board Member
Jerrold Levy, MD, FAHA, FCCM
Editorial Board Member
Oliver J. Liakopoulos, MD
Editorial Board Member
Natalie Lui, MD, MAS
Editorial Board Member
David Kalfa, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Arman Kilic, MD
Editorial Board Member
TK Susheel Kumar, MD
Editorial Board Member
Katsuhide Maeda, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Richard D. Mainwaring, MD
Editorial Board Member
Rizwan A. Manji MD, PhD, FRCSC, MBA
Editorial Board Member
M. Blair Marshall, MD
Editorial Board Member
Christopher Mascio, MD
Editorial Board Member
Patrick M. McCarthy, MD
Editorial Board Member
P. Michael McFadden, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ari A. Mennander, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Carlos A. Mestres, MD, PhD FETCS
Editorial Board Member
Bryan F. Meyers, MD, MPH
Editorial Board Member
Antonio Miceli, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
R. Scott Mitchell, MD
Editorial Board Member
Brian Mitzman, MD
Editorial Board Member
K. Annette Mizuguchi, MD, PhD, MMSc, FASE
Editorial Board Member
Siamak Mohammadi, MD, FRCSC
Editorial Board Member
Daniela Molena, MD
Editorial Board Member
Marc R. Moon, MD
Editorial Board Member
David L.S. Morales, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ralph S. Mosca, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ashok Muniappan, MD
Editorial Board Member
Katie S. Nason, MD, MPH
Editorial Board Member
Tom C. Nguyen, MD, FACS, FACC
Editorial Board Member
Shuab Omer, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ikenna Okereke, MD, FACS
Editorial Board Member
Davide Pacini, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Muralidhar Padala, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Gaetano Paone, MD, MHSA
Editorial Board Member
Subroto Paul, MD, MPH
Editorial Board Member
Christian Pizarro, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ourania Preventza, MD, MBA, FACS
Editorial Board Member
Siva Raja, MD, PhD, FACS
Editorial Board Member
Keshava Rajagopal, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Danny Ramzy, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Daniel Raymond, MD
Editorial Board Member
Michael J. Reardon, MD
Editorial Board Member
T. Brett Reece, MD
Editorial Board Member
Scott I. Reznik, MD
Editorial Board Member
R. Taylor Ripley, MD
Editorial Board Member
Harold Roberts, MD
Editorial Board Member
Fraser D. Rubens, MD, MSc, FACS, FRCSC
Editorial Board Member
Edward Y. Sako, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Tomas A. Salerno, MD
Editorial Board Member
Hans-Joachim Schäfers, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ashish S. Shah, MD
Editorial Board Member
Jack Shanewise, MD, FASE
Editorial Board Member
Oz M. Shapira, MD
Editorial Board Member
Richard J. Shemin, MD
Editorial Board Member
Ming-Sing Si, MD
Editorial Board Member
Smita Sihag, MD, MPH
Editorial Board Member
Neel R. Sodha, MD
Editorial Board Member
Alan M. Speir, MD
Editorial Board Member
Louis Stein, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
James St. Louis, MD
Editorial Board Member
Elizabeth Stephens, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Ibrahim Sultan, MD
Editorial Board Member
Rakesh M. Suri, MD, D.Phil
Editorial Board Member
Lars G. Svensson, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Hiroo Takayama, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Nicholas R. Teman, MD
Editorial Board Member
Vinod H. Thourani, MD
Editorial Board Member
Frederick A. Tibayan, MD
Editorial Board Member
Tomasz A. Timek, MD
Editorial Board Member
Betty Caroline Tong, MD, MS, MHS
Editorial Board Member
Joseph Turek, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Victor van Berkel, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Dirk Van Raemdonck, MD
Editorial Board Member
Nirmal Veeramachaneni, MD
Editorial Board Member
Jakob Vinten-Johansen, PhD
Editorial Board Member
Song Wan, MD, FRCS, FACC
Editorial Board Member
Benjamin Wei, MD
Editorial Board Member
Aaron J. Weiss, MD
Editorial Board Member
Benny Weksler, MBA, MD
Editorial Board Member
Grayson H. Wheatley III, MD, FACS, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI
Editorial Board Member
Bryan A. Whitson, MD, PhD
Editorial Board Member
David Scott Winlaw, MBBS, MD, FRACS
Editorial Board Member
Michael H. Yamashita, MDCM, MPH, CPH, FRCSC
Editorial Board Member
Chi-Fu Yang, MD
Editorial Board Member
Sai Yendamuri, MBBS
Editorial Board Member
David D. Yuh, MD